• “Are You on the PD Cybertrain or Still Hesitating?”
  by Moira Hunter
  
  
• “Going Global with the Webheads in Action”
  by Teresa Almeida d'Eça

ARE YOU ON THE PD CYBERTRAIN OR STILL HESITATING ?
by Moira Hunter
Groupe E.S.I.E.E.
Paris  France
hunterhm @ esiee.fr

Introduction

Globalisation of the world economy, together with the Internet and rapid technological developments, have ‘reduced’ the size of the Earth, making means of communication both greater and easier, and knowledge more accessible to all. If we, the educators, do not want to be left stranded on the ‘platform’, ongoing professional development is essential as we enter further into the technological workplace and an information-based society!

            Today’s learners are often technologically savvy, as surfing the Net, sending SMS messages, text chatting with IM, voice chatting with VoIP such as Skype, and  gaming are all part of their day-to-day lives. They are the Net generation or the Digital Natives (Prensky, 2001). Yet, in the traditional classroom, learners are being more enraged than engaged (Prensky, 2005) or just passive, because we as educators, have not all got on the professional development cybertrain.

What do I mean?

We all agree that technology should not be used for technology’s sake, but we have to accept that recent paradigm shifts (Jacobs et al, 2001) together with new accessible technologies, the needs of the 21^st century learners, and just-in-time learning (http://webphysics.iupui.edu/jitt/jitt.html) are changing the educator’s role.

Branson (1999) suggests that the education system experienced a long period beginning in the early 1960’s, in which educational performance remained static despite financial investments due to resistance to change within the educational system. We may be emerging from that hiatus with the technological breakthrough of the Internet.  Treadwell (2005a) refers to the Book Based Paradigm as a time when the emphasis was on knowing and books were the essential knowledge resource for educators.  He uses the term ‘Internet Based Paradigm’ to indicate where the advent of the Internet, new technologies and increased bandwidth have forced a paradigm shift to a learning-centred environment, leading to rapid increases in learner performances and understanding.  The illustration below (Treadwell, 2005b) delineates the educational performance (blue line) from the 1600’s to 2015, showing a paradigm shift away from the teaching-centred model where the educator is the source of knowledge, to a more learning-centred model. 

Figure 1. Paradigm Shift: The Second [Modern] Education Paradigm. Retrieved from http://www.teachers-work.com/archive_Nov_2005.htm.

In the following illustration, Treadwell (2005a) lists characteristics of an Internet based paradigm, made possible through the integration of new technologies in a learning-centred environment, as opposed to the teaching-centred first education paradigm.  Within this second (modern) paradigm, the educator guides the learner in integrating technological tools to explore the real world outside the constraints of the traditional classroom.

Figure 2. Overview: Transitions from Book Based Paradigm to Internet Based Paradigm. Retrieved from http://www.i-learnt.com/Paradigm_2.html.

All this suggests that in order to enhance learning-centred instruction within formal learning environments for higher education students and adult learners, we must carefully review how we plan, design and deliver our ‘lessons’ in order to engage our students in the learning process.

This becomes imperative if we take into account the recent IDC report (Anderson and Brennan, 2004) which states that “one third of learning occurs in a formal setting.  The other two-thirds of all learning is ‘informal’ in nature and occurs either spontaneously as a result of incidental experiences or as part of an intentional search for a specific piece of information”.  Cross (2006a) states that it is even less, a mere 20%, finally resulting in less than 1% of behaviour change attributable to formal learning. 

To ensure that we are providing the necessary set of skills for the 21^st century Digital Native learners, educators must adapt an inquiry-based approach to engage them in interactive, collaborative learning experiences which are hands-on, task-based, and project-based.  In this new teaching/learning through technology paradigm, educators are no longer the “sage on the stage” but become the “guide on the side” (King, 1993) as knowledge facilitators.  By adopting this new role and making necessary transitions, we can develop learners’ high-order thinking skills through the careful incorporation of available technologies and guide learners to use vast amounts of available information wisely, both in and out of the classroom environment.  Learners will then be better able to appreciate the relevance of their formal learning and expand and explore further in informal learning environments. In this way, we are also preparing more advanced learners for their future role in the global professional world and supporting the adult learners already in the workplace, by guiding them in online communicative collaborative tasks and projects, thus empowering the learners and encouraging autonomous learning.

Greater accessibility to metadata and knowledge banks, together with the evolving learning-centredness of instruction and training, have also led to a shift towards just-in-time learning (JIT), whereby learners access the exact information required as they need it rather than just-in-case learning (JIC) which entails a different teaching approach.  This implies a need for yet further professional development on the part of the learning professional.

A further element to be considered is the mobility of digital learners.  As we accumulate online experience over time, it can now be observed that the traditional classroom has occasionally been replaced with a ‘sit-in-front-of-pc’ static learning environment, whilst in contrast, our learners have become an increasingly ‘mobile’ population, both physically and technologically.  The illustration below classifies the mobility of technologies (Naismith et al, 2005).  It is clear that different types of personal portable technologies are becoming more abundant and that mp3 players and iPods can be added to this cluster.

Figure 3. Classification of mobile technologies. From http://www.nestafuturelab.org/download/pdfs/research/
lit_reviews/futurelab_review_11.pdf (p. 7).

As we come to realise the potential of m-learning for mobile professional adults and off-campus students, and the importance of 24/7 access, research- and discovery-based learning are essential to link the learning experience to the learners’ formal and informal learning environments, without intruding upon the ownership or privacy of these tools (especially mobile phones) which ‘belong’ to the learners’ social lives, and help shape their ‘social identity’.  Greater research is needed here in order to appreciate the benefits of m-learning.  However, some innovative educators such as Tony Vincent (http://www.learninginhand.com) have already engaged today’s learners using PDAs,   Buthaina Al-Othman has been engaging her students using cell phones  (http://alothman-b.tripod.com/tesol06_callis_acsession0316.htm), while others are focussing on Skypecasting, blogging, and podcasting (e.g. Stanley, 2006).

The need to integrate technology can only be established if the educators themselves understand and know what its potential use to the end-learners can be.  Ongoing hands-on, experiential learning is therefore essential for educators’ professional growth.

What do we need to attain this new role?

This new role assumes the following: 

• access to new technologies;
• knowledge of these new technologies;
• training in these technologies;
• allotted time for course design and development;
• institutional support;
• collegial support;
• technical support.

Sadly, these requirements do not exist in most educational institutions for various reasons.  Lack of finance has often been a reason, together with reluctance and resistance on the part of the educational bodies and colleagues to adopt new ways.  Other factors include lack of training and time, teacher technophobia and poor choice of technology for the desired learning objectives and outcomes. Moreover, impediments may unwittingly be placed in the path of instructors who wish to use technology, as the following email exchange illustrates.

Figure 4. Authentic email conversation extract dated 09.03.06 between M Hunter and senior institutional educator.

Many corporations have been faster than academic institutions to recognise the benefits of new technologies and have adopted them to disseminate corporate training but have also often lacked the necessary pedagogical training to facilitate and foster an enriching online learning experience for employees, despite large investments in systems and programmes. Weaver (2002) posits that expertise is needed to ensure the success of online learning and offers advice to organisations to avoid the ten most common pitfalls leading to failure. 

Whereas many educators are still desperately behind in adjusting and adapting their approach to meet the expectations of today’s ‘global’ learners’ some independent learning professionals have caught the cybertrain to catch up in their own self-directed development. In doing so they acknowledge the paradigm shift and become lifelong learners themselves in an ever changing, complex environment, sharing their knowledge and interacting in a networked world.

However, educators are often reluctant to change or to share their knowledge.  Norris et al (2003) report that “academic knowledge substantially remains a cottage industry” and that “the knowledge ecology of colleges and universities will need to change if they are to move from a culture of knowledge hoarding to one of knowledge sharing”.

Fortunately, some innovative institutions and individuals have been spearheading this ‘new paradigm’ for some time and have created banks of knowledge data and networked communities of learning and best practices, together with effective and ongoing professional development. We look now at some of the needs such communities address, and consider in particular, the accomplishments of one such community, Webheads in Action.

Educators need help to use new technologies and to feel comfortable in incorporating them in their long-term strategy and planning.  They need help in instructional design and mentoring for online environments, together with online intercultural communication management.  None of this can be achieved overnight with a one-off training input.  It is an ongoing process in which educators must be guided, encouraged and motivated in a ‘discovery learning’ virtual environment, whether using asynchronous tools (such as blogs and podcasts) or synchronous tools (such as instant text chatting, or ‘real-time’ live online tools such as webcasts and videoconferencing).  Varied and multiple opportunities must be sought out and explored in order to gain ‘confidence’ in the online environment.  Educators need to exchange ideas, successes, and failures with each other, and try out different approaches to problem-solving tasks using different strategies and tools in order to appreciate the pedagogical advantages and disadvantages of using such tools.

Educators need to have the opportunity, time and funding (where necessary), to try and test different technologies with different approaches.  Through trial and error, fine-tuning is possible and only once this occurs can the educator feel comfortable in incorporating this new approach for their learners, blending face-to-face with online learning experiences.  With this level of comfort and confidence, educators can make ‘on the fly’ changes to their courses to optimise the learning experience and environment for 21^st century learners.

How can these needs be addressed?

Where institutional and collegial support is partial or non-existent, cyberspace can be a very lonely place and can consequently lead to abandonment or failure on the part of the educator.  As individuals, we must take our learning into our own hands if we want to catch the professional development cybertrain and embrace new life skills in a cycle of continuous learning!

As learning professionals, we must be aware of what can be done easily, with little or no cost and independently of an institution or corporation.  We must be self-directed in our own professional development and seek out opportunities for lifelong learning. We must experience for ourselves what we intend our own learners to do.

Putting ourselves into the role of online learner is highly beneficial, as we can evaluate the positive and negative aspects regarding the environment, tutor support and availability, the tools used, course design and delivery, and online peer collaboration and community building within the duration of the course.   The more online courses teachers can take as learners, the greater the insight which can be gained regarding the nature of best online practices.

However, this is still not enough, as courses have a lifespan, coming eventually to an end, at which point the asynchronous and/or synchronous communicative collaboration ceases totally, or at best, is substantially reduced. Furthermore, when a course concludes, the learning professional can often feel an ‘emptiness’ or ‘isolation’ from disconnection after experiencing an interactive, dynamic online learning experience. In addition, whilst bandwidth problems are being reduced in an increasingly globally connected world in which new technologies and easier to use products continue to appear on what seems a daily basis, it is becoming increasingly difficult for educators to remain up-to-date and current.

In order to sustain professional development, some element of continuity is required.  Traditional settings may have a staffroom for this purpose.  Online globally dispersed educators need a ‘space’ for continuous collaborative professional growth where experiences can be shared and learning can occur in a peer-to-peer low-risk environment.
           An ongoing, supportive online community of practice can address all these aforementioned needs and requirements.

What is a Community of Practice?

Communities have always existed in different countries and cultures and for different reasons.  In the 21^st century, the term community of practice was coined to refer to “the community that acts as a living curriculum for the apprentice” (see, for example, Wenger 2006). This term does not apply only to work apprenticeships but to “learning on the part of everyone” within the community of practice.   According to Wenger, a community of practice is a group of people who share the same passion and desire to learn about something, who come together to develop their knowledge about the shared topic of interest, and who then apply this knowledge to a practice. Wenger states further that a community of practice requires three elements:  a domain of interest shared by all members, to which they are committed; a community in which members engage in learning and interaction together and, thirdly, a practice, whereby the members are practitioners and share their experiences, both good and bad, within the community. (A quick start-up guide to cultivating communities of practice can be found at Wenger, 2004.)

Today, learning professionals may be connected technologically but they are disconnected in their professional development.  Siemens (2003) maintains that “the connections we make (between individual specialized communities/bodies of knowledge) ensure that we remain current” and that “these connections determine knowledge flow and continual learning.” He further points out: “It’s the connection to continued learning, not existing learning, that is valuable”

Johnson (2005), himself a member of the Webheads in Action online community of practice, distinguishes the virtual or distributed community of practice (DCoP) from the physical (CoP), as its geographically dispersed members communicate using asynchronous and synchronous tools in computer mediated communication (CMC). Johnson says that whilst the group’s aim is to advance the community’s collective knowledge, the knowledge of the individual is increasing at the same time, resulting in ongoing opportunities to learn from one another.  The non-hierarchical informal structure, which is self-organising and self-governing, evolves constantly as new members, both expert and novice, join the core members and participate to a greater or lesser degree of engaged activity.  This informal environment encourages the transfer of implicit knowledge via the frequent exchanges, developing human relationships and leading to formations of subgroups of learning practice.  Whilst novices may require explicit transfer of knowledge in some areas, the open community enables a continuum of expertise, a rotation of experts whenever a specific need is voiced.  This social scaffolding whereby the learning professional can learn with experts, rather than learning on his or her own, enables knowledge advancement and continuous innovation as members share their own knowledge.  Johnson provides a comprehensive interactive overview of CoP Theory in the diagram below.

Figure 5. CoP Theory Overview (Johnson, 2002: http://sites.inka.de/~W3446/cop/sitemap.htm).

The building of such a community takes time to emerge into a social and collaborative environment of trust in which both experts and novices negotiate meaning, collaborate, facilitate peer interaction, and share learning goals.  This environment emerges organically, leading to reflective learning which the practitioner can then transfer to the needs of the 21^st century learner.

Figure 6. CoPs and Virtual Communities   (Johnson, 2002: http://sites.inka.de/~W3446/cop/vc_cops.htm).

Communities of practice exist to provide the environment for educators to ‘learn by doing’, to seek advice from ‘seasoned onliners’ and networkers and find collegiality which is often lacking, even in large institutions, and where they can bring their own knowledge and be appreciated by similarly thinking educators and learn and share with others.  Collaborative projects with learners and educators in different parts of the world can be organised to enhance the online cultural learning experience for both learners and the educators or ‘co-learners’. Within a community of practice, learning professionals can nurture the pursuit of lifelong learning by creating and then sustaining an online presence where experiences are shared and learning takes place.

Webheads is such a community of online practice which addresses the needs of the educator’s changing role in the Digital Age.

         The creators of this community in 1997-98 were Vance Stevens in Abu Dhabi, together with Maggi Doty in Germany and Michael Coghlan in Australia.  What started as a writing and grammar online experimental class for students (http://wfw.webheads.info) has evolved into a thriving online community of educators with common enthusiasm and shared interest in exploring the uses of computer-mediated communication (CMC).

Webheads in Action

Webheads in Action itself (http://webheads.info) was created as a TESOL Electronic Village Online EVO session in 2002.  Many of the members are language learning professionals. Webheads is a community of practice which offers learning professionals, both seasoned onliners and novices, the opportunity to self-direct their professional growth in a supportive online environment driven by their own enthusiasm, energy, generosity, and the support of the resulting collaborative community.

The purpose of the community is to help learning professionals understand the potential benefits of the appropriate integration of available Internet technologies into their teaching practice by first experimenting and learning in a hands-on, low-risk online environment before engaging their own learners.  A further purpose of Webheads in Action is the continual and ongoing discovery of free and open source Internet tools, such as, to name but a few:

• Yahoo Groups (http://groups.yahoo.com);
• Skype (http://www.skype.com);
• Nuvvo (http://nuvvo.com);
• Springdoo (http://www.springdoo.com);
• Docebos (http://www.docebocms.org/doceboCms/);
• Bubbleshare (http://www.bubbleshare.com);
• Vyew  (http://www.vyew.com);
• Vaestro  (http://www.vaestro.com).

A community, whether virtual or physical, needs a gathering place, where individuals can connect, interact, and collaborate in the creative learning process within the core community.  Over the past eight years, this online gathering place has evolved for Webheads in Action with the emerging new technologies.  Web 2.0 (O’Reilly, 2005), often referred to as ‘the interactive Web’ (Downes, 2005) in which users can create content and interact and collaborate online, has enabled members of the community to create their own learning spaces in the learning process. Web 2.0 technologies include wikis, blogs, podcasts, vodcasts, and other open, collaborative platforms such as:

• Drupal  (http://drupal.org);
• Joomla  (http://joomla.org);
• Elgg  (http://elgg.net).

Other product name tools allow for collaboration, group member recognition, and knowledge sharing, all of which are given characteristics of a dynamic community of practice. Some examples:

• Writely (http://www.writely.com); 
• Frappr (http://www.frappr.com/c/user/createamap);  
• del.icio.us  (http://del.icio.us).

Webheads in Action meet weekly in an informal setting using Tapped In (http://tappedin.org/tappedin) and also Skypecasts (https://skypecasts.skype.com/skypecasts/home), enabling group text chats and voicecasts, in which anybody may raise an issue or just socialise.  Yahoo Group membership allows continual communication, enabling practitioners to seek advice, share experiences and resources, and set up student and cultural learning projects across the globe using Internet technologies.

             Siemens (2003) suggests that learning communities should have different spaces for different types of learning and stages within the learning process (the major spaces are listed below).  Webheads in Action is comprised of these very spaces, enabling members to learn, interact, collaborate, discuss, share, and trial in a safe, trustworthy low-risk environment.

A space for Gurus and Beginners to connect (master/apprentice)
A space for self-expression (blog, journal)
A space for debate and dialogue (listserv, discussion forum, open meetings)
A space to search archived knowledge (portal, website)
A space to learn in a structured manner (courses, tutorials) (Siemens, 2003)

According to Kim (2000), the robustness and therefore survival of an online community of practice also lies in the variety of leadership opportunities which can be offered to regular core members.  She argues that it is important for members to have their developing skills and achievements acknowledged by an audience in order to strengthen the sense of communal belonging.  Webheads in Action, already extremely active with an important online presence, not only gave the opportunity to participate in the first ever online convergence to core members but also to non-members and near novices.

            This virtual community of practice held its first completely free convergence from 18 to 20 November 2005 with volunteer support and practically non-stop back-to-back conference presentations.  Webhead members were involved in the pre-convergence planning and organisation, the support and maintenance throughout, and the delivery which included online helpers during the convergence to ‘guide’ the visitors and the many presenters and co-moderators.  Invited speakers included Curtis Bonk, Randall Davis, Joy Egbert, David Nunan, and Dave Sperling, all of whom volunteered their services and expertise.  Webhead presenters shared their skills, accomplishments and reflections with the online interactants, and it is important to note that nobody was paid.

It was a marvellous example of community spirit and professional development, offering participants a myriad of examples of best online practices and cutting-edge technologies being used by learning professionals throughout the world in an informal learning environment.  Seasoned and novice onliners were introduced to tools, concepts, ideologies, and practices in an environment encouraging multi-tasking and risk-taking on the part of the participants.  For those who ‘dared’ and followed as many presentations as possible, the experience was dynamic, thought-provoking, and beneficial, resulting in chaos navigation (to quote Sus Nyrop’s term), skipping from one platform to another and sometimes between platforms such as Elluminate (http://www.elluminate.com), Alado (http://www.alado.net)  and Worldbridges (http://www.worldbridges.com), with most participants having multiple windows open on the computer screen engaging in different text chats.  F.U.N. or “Frivolous Unanticipated Nonsense” was certainly had during this extremely intense ‘learning and discovery’ weekend.  Webheads supported each other mutually throughout the convergence, attending and interacting in each others’ presentations, together with the participants.  Recordings and details of the convergence can be found at http://schedule.wiaoc.org  and can be perused at leisure.

Vance Stevens, the founder of Webheads, stressed in his wrap-up of the convergence that the community and the convergence was only possible due to the “reliability” and “dependability” of the Webheads, saying they “get paid in karma here”.  He re-purposed the term “cat herding” comparing Webheads to cats which are independent, powerful, and beyond control.  He also stressed that being a Webhead means that “you develop skills” and “you use tools” and finally, “you have to do it because it keeps you employable”.

Elluminate Live! - LEARNINGTIMES-WIA-014  20 nov. 2005 14:20:32

Figure 7. “Converging on Bridges Across Cyberspace:  The First WiAOC 2005” by Vance Stevens.

Many participants then took part in the most recent EVO Sessions (http://webpages.csus.edu/~hansonsm/announce.html) in January, 2006, where during six weeks, they explored further the technologies and pedagogical practices seen in the WiAOC Convergence.  Hands-on experiential learning, academic reading, and discussions together with ongoing community building were the key points to these very intense weeks.

Figure 8. Hands-on learning and multi-tasking :  EVO Session January 29, 2006 .

Global Participants shown above:

• Cristina Costa (Portugal),
  
• Randa Effat (Egypt),
  
• Amanda Fava-Verde (England),
  
• Moira Hunter (France),
  
• Ibrahim Rustamov (Tajikistan)

Have you noticed how many new words such as “podcasting”, “vodcasting”, “learncasting”, “RSS”, “Web2.0”, “webinars”, etc. you must manually add to your word processing dictionary recently?  We are in a rapidly changing world in which we, as educators, must keep abreast of change in order to be able to engage, rather than enrage, Digital Natives in their learning process.  We must embrace lifelong learning ourselves and acquire new skills.  Social networking, scaffolding and belonging to a robust virtual community of practice like Webheads in Action keep members connected and provide ongoing opportunities for collective and individual professional development.

Jay Cross (2006b) writes in his blog that “the informal learning train is leaving the station.”  

Not got on the professional development cybertrain yet?
Still hesitating? 
Don’t ! 
Let’s ride the cyberrails together!

References

Anderson, C., & Brennan, M. (2004). Future-proofing learning infrastructure: The five A’s of the Enterprise Learning Chain. IDC Report July, IDC N° 31514, Volume 1, Tab: Users, Page 2.

Branson, R. K. (1999). Why schools can’t improve: The Upper Limit Hypothesis. Tallahassee, FL: Center for Performance Technology, Florida State University.  Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.cpt.fsu.edu/pdf/upperlimithypothesis.pdf .

Cross, J. (2006a).  Informal Learning Summary.  Retrieved July 11, 2006 from Internet Time Group,  http://internettime.breezecentral.com/informl.

Cross, J. (2006b).  What is Informal Learning? Informal Learning Blog.  Retrieved July 11, 2006 from Internet Time Group, http://internettime.com/wordpress2/?p=551.

Downes, S. (2005). E-learning 2.0.  eLearn  Magazine, October.  Retrieved July 11, 2006 from:   http://www.elearnmag.org/subpage.cfm?section=articles&article=29-1.

Jacobs, G. M., & Garrell, T. S. C. (2001). Paradigm shift:  Understanding and implementing change in second language education.  TESL-EJ, 5 (1). Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/tesl-ej/ej17/a1.html.

Johnson, C. (2005). Establishing an Online Community of Practice for Instructors of English as a Foreign Language. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation.  Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA.

Kim, A. (2000).  Community-Building on the Web: Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press.  Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.naima.com/community/.

King, A.  (1993). From sage on the stage to guide on the side.  College Teaching, 41 (1), 30-35.

Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G, & Sharples, M. (2005). Literature review in mobile technologies and learning.  Futurelab Series, Report 11.  Bristol, UK: University of Birmingham. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from http://www.nestafuturelab.org/download/pdfs/research/
lit_reviews/futurelab_review_11.pdf.

Norris, D M., Mason, J., Robson, R., Lefrere, P. & Collier, G. (2003). A revolution in knowledge sharing.  Educause Review, September/October. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM0350.pdf.

O’Reilly, T. (2005).  What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software.  Retrieved July 2, 2006 from: http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30
/what-is-web-20.html.

Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants.  On the Horizon, 9 (5). Retrieved June 21, 2006 from: http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf.

Prensky, M. (2005).  “Engage Me or Enrage Me” What today’s learners demand. Educause Review, 40 (5), 60-65. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.educause.edu/apps/er/erm05/erm0553.asp.

Siemens, G. (2003). Learning ecology, communities, and networks: Extending the classroom.  Elearnspace, October 17.  Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/learning_communities.htm.

Stanley, G. (2006). Podcasting: Audio on the Internet comes of age. TESL-EJ, 9 (4). Retrieved July 8, 2006 from: http://tesl-ej.org/ej36/int.html.

Treadwell, M.  (last updated 2005a)  The Emergent 21^st Century Teacher. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.i-learnt.com/Paradigm%20home.html.

Treadwell, M. (2005b) “Nouvelle Compréhension” Revisited.  The Mediated World.  9 (10). Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.teachers-work.com/archive_Nov_2005.htm.

Weaver, P. (2002). Preventing e-learning failure: Ten common pitfalls and how to avoid them. T+D,  August 2002. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MNT/
is_8_56/ai_90512523.

Wenger, E. (2004) Cultivating communities of practice: A quick start-up guide. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.ewenger.com/theory/start-up_guide_PDF.pdf. 

Wenger, E. (2006). Communities of practice: A brief introduction.  Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.ewenger.com/theory/.

Editor’s notes

The author was co-presenter at a regular session at the Webheads in Action Online Convergence on November 20, 2005.

What started as an 8-week teacher development workshop has brought us, almost four years later, to our community's first online convergence, WiAOC 2005, "Bridges in Cyberspace". So much has happened and has been accomplished in these years. How did all this come about? How has it affected me at the professional and personal levels? That is what I will briefly cover in this paper.

Learn by doing

The spark that ignited my Webheads in Action (WiA) connection was the Syllabus and its 'hands-on' approach to different communication tools, some of which I had heard of, but had never worked with. The hands-on aspect meant that I would be exploring these tools in collaboration with peers and by manipulating the tools myself, the best way to fully understand them and grasp their applications to language learning. For a language teacher, or any professional, for that matter, to take the fullest advantage of what's out there in cyberspace, s/he must work collaboratively with others, because the online world is not just information. Above all, it is communication. And we need others in order to be able to communicate and interact.

What I learned and how I learned

Web-based communication tools can be asynchronous and synchronous. Asynchronous tools establish communication that is not live or in real time, such as email, discussion lists, course management systems, Web pages and blogs. Synchronous tools allow for live communication and interaction in real time, as is the case with chat and virtual classrooms.

1. Asynchronous tools

My first contact with the Webhead world was through asynchronous tools when I registered in the Webheads in Action Yahoo Group, got my first message from the moderator welcoming me, posted my intro, and uploaded my photo to the Photos section. It may not seem much at first glance, but it's often daunting for a complete newbie to these tools to engage in a totally new and unknown microworld that needs to be discovered step by step. In fact, these processes often require coaching and collaboration from peers, because they seem insurmountable on one’s own, and there's always fear of doing something seriously wrong. Belonging to a community such as Webheads in Action, which spreads worldwide, means that whatever the time of day or night, there is always someone 'just a click away' awake and ready to give a helping hand. It also means that members of a supportive community never feel alone, lost or helpless, and any barrier overcome is praised, resulting in a true sense of accomplishment. This boosts egos and encourages community members to move on to the next hurdle.

The WiA teacher development workshop was set up in a YahooGroup, one of the easiest platforms available for such purposes. Though it has its limitations, it's practical both for beginners and veterans. It isn't an all-inclusive 'do-it-all' platform -- it needs to be complemented by external software such as chat -- but experience has shown that there are advantages to this, namely, getting familiar with other collaboration software and having diversified options.

As a very active member of the Webheads in Action, I learned about the potential of YahooGroups for teacher development workshops and course management through 'hands-on' exploration of its features, on my own and with the help of peers, by using it on a regular basis and learning from mistakes, as well as by giving feedback and exchanging experiences.

We experimented with other asynchronous course management systems (CMSs) available at the time: Blackboard, GEN VirtualU Open Course, WebCT, Nicenet and Delphi. This exploration and comparison showed that certain of these CMSs were more user-friendly than others and more appropriate for the objectives pursued. Dafne Gonzalez (in Spain), Susanne Nyrop (in Denmark), Nigel Caplan (in the USA) and I (in Portugal) carried out a group project, Team Blackboard, to be presented to the Webheads during a Sunday chat. This very basic page is a good example of the type of collaboration that was immediately generated in this community, in tune with the principles of social constructivism (Graduate Student Instructor Teaching Resource Center, n.d.) and Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, or ZPD (Morris, 2002).

2. Synchronous tools

It is through synchronous tools that members feel so related and connected to each other in a community, the next best thing to being with them face-to-face (f2f). My first chat experience with the Webheads in Action took place at Tapped In (TI), which describes itself as "the online workplace of an international community of education professionals, students, and researchers [who] gather here to learn, collaborate, share, and support one another". This happened in Week 1 of the workshop, on a Sunday, the day chosen for the Webheads weekly online synchronous meeting. As I wrote soon afterwards:

For someone who had entered a MOO environment for the first time only the day before and for a very short time, it was like being sent into outer space without ever having set foot in a spaceship before, much less having looked at its commands!... I felt totally lost and out of context,... completely uprooted. Probably like an E. T. would feel had he/it (??!!) just landed on Earth!... Concentrating on anything else was difficult... I felt I was in another galaxy! Alas, there were other people feeling totally lost and dumbfounded, just like me, which felt comforting! But, at the same time, there were very helpful and supportive members trying to guide the newbies, or taking them aside into virtual offices, explaining things, sort of letting them breathe or just get some fresh (virtual) air!... here was a warm group of people who immediately greeted and welcomed everybody as they came in, and tried to make contact. A closely-knit group of people, some going back a few years, who made 'newbies' feel 'at home', and were willing and available to patiently teach them what they had learned before us. That human and affective touch sure felt nice! (Almeida d'Eça, 2002)

This initial experience has helped me to always be very understanding, encouraging and supportive with first timers in any platform. It can be especially discouraging for newcomers to feel 'adrift', so it's absolutely necessary to have a hand reach out.

These weekly Sunday get-togethers at TI to explore new tools or just socialize greatly contributed to our getting to know one another and make lasting bonds and friendships that are part of the glue that hold us together. Another excellent tool for social bonding was Yahoo Messenger (YM), a chat environment much more versatile than TI because of two added features: voice and video. This meant that we could not only hear one another's voices for the first time, but also see one another live and in real time. How thrilling it was to start matching a voice to a name and then a face... live! Several participants bought their first webcams for the weekly chat on Sunday, Feb. 10, 2002.  I still remember vividly that I saw Dafne Gonzalez (in Spain), Vance Stevens (in the UAE) and Michael Coghlan (in Australia) for the first time on my screen and heard them speak. It was a memorable day!

Since then I have better grasped the potential of chat both for teachers and for students through collaborating regularly with other Webheads and their students at TI and YM. I have seen how authentic chat can make language learning, and how much more motivating and enriching this process can become. Chat platforms that have both text and voice modes, what I call the "4 in 1" tool, greatly add value to language learning, because they allow for the practice of the four basic skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.

3. Building a presence online

One of the simplest ways of starting a presence online is by creating your own Web page or blog. Several colleagues set up their first pages in GeoCities, as in the case of Dafne's Nook, and it was interesting to see the different and sometimes 'shy' attempts of colleagues who seemed to have a "Sorry, but this is all I could do!" attitude, as if we were all expecting a professional page right from the outset. Every achievement, big or small, was praised and considered an important hurdle that had been overcome. Any future progress was dealt with in the same way. Praising peers, giving them the boost to carry on and go higher up the ladder, as we do with students, is part of our community spirit that comes naturally to teaching professionals.

Though we discussed blogs superficially, we only got hooked on them a year later. I believe it had to do with the fact that Web pages were still more popular then, and people were not yet familiar with the ease and advantages of blog technology.

Community building online

The sense of "belonging to a community of like-minded peers" has always been very strong among us and is one of the essential characteristics of community building online. The starting point to gathering these kindred spirits is an interesting and motivating syllabus that constantly challenges participants to get involved in new adventures through hands-on creation of end products, as the Webheads in Action syllabus did. But a sense of community assumes other features, such as:

• a members page with intros and photos – they are the first way to relate to a face, a person and his/her work
• a constantly updated syllabus with personal contributions and feedback
• regular synchronous get-togethers, with or without an agenda, a major step in getting to know one another more closely
• an ever-present moderator who replies promptly to mail, answers questions, clarifies doubts, gives moral support or 'a pat on the back' that can make the difference between giving up or persisting ... in short, a moderator who doesn't leave the participants alone or marooned, but is there for them
• a moderator that promotes horizontal relationships by motivating participants to come to the foreground when they are more knowledgeable and have more expertise in a given area, thus generating valuable results and added value to the community.

Though a moderator is a key element in building a community, there would be no community without participants who accept challenges and feel thrilled with each accomplishment, big or small, be it his/her own or that of a peer. According to Vance Stevens, participants "make or break" a workshop (Optimal degree of control).

Finally, an effective and productive online community results from the convergence of several elements:

·                    common goals

·                    understanding of the objectives and tasks

·                    high motivation and curiosity

·                    prompt help and feedback from the moderator and/or peers

·                    teamwork and collaboration

·                    learning from one another

·                    the ability to learn at all times from critique and feedback

·                    openness to new ideas

·                    a warm and caring atmosphere and group

·                    a true sense of belonging, and

·                    close bonds.

Since joining Webheads in Action, I have experienced all this on a daily basis by involving myself, being committed to the group, feeling highly motivated and enthusiastic, praising and being praised, and making close friendships. And I have long understood that a learning process based on social constructivism and Vygotsky's zone of proximal development -- "the distance between the actual level of development as determined by independent problem solving [without guided instruction] and the level of potential development as determined by problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers" (Morris, 2002)  - enhances learning considerably and makes our common knowledge greater than the sum of all the individual knowledge put together.

In the last two weeks of the 2002 Webheads in Action EVO session, after reflecting on how our online community developed, its characteristics, and all that we had accomplished collectively, individually and with our students in only two months, we felt that we couldn't end it all then and there and let each of us go our separate ways. So we asked ourselves, "Where do we go from here?" And we found our way: stay together, pursue our common path, welcome new members, explore new tools, collaborate with one another and our students, give presentations about our work, conduct online training workshops, and hold our first online conference-convergence.

How this has affected my professional & personal life

The Webheads in Action connection has affected me profoundly both at the professional and personal levels. In 2004 I felt confident enough, with the expertise I had gained, to co-moderate an online teacher development workshop and co-teach an online credited course. In addition to being an online teacher trainer and facilitator, I have since then presented and webcast on a global scale, all thanks to the Webheads in Action phenomenon, without a doubt a "healthy" virus that hasn't stopped "bugging" me!

Together with the Webheads I have explored and used many different types of Web-based communications tools that have led to different collaborative projects which contribute to sustaining a Web presence. Among these are asynchronous tools such as:

·                    blogs

·                    audioblogs

·                    photoblogs

·                    wikis,

·                    course management systems (e.g. Moodle),

·                    interactive maps

·                    Have Fun with English! (Bravenet map)

·                    BaW06 (Frappr map)

·                    video mail

·                    voice mail (Tommy's message recorded with HandyBits),

And synchronous tools such as:

·                    chat

·                    voice chat (6F & 6G),

·                    virtual classrooms

·                    Alado

·                    Elluminate at Learning Times (need to be a member).

Many of these tools are part of what is currently referred to as Web 2.0, "a second generation of services available on the World Wide Web that lets people collaborate and share information online" (Wikipedia definition of Web 2.0), to which Webheads were introduced before the tools and their underlying concept became popular.

1. Online Presentations

The impact of a community of practice on an individual participant can be a powerful influence on that member’s career, as my own involvement with WiA illustrates.  I can trace my development as an experienced online communicator in a series of small steps that increased in ever larger strides made with the constant encouragement and collaboration of other Webheads. My first such collaboration project directed outside the Webhead 'family' at a wider audience of peers was a presentation produced for the summer festival in Tapped In July 2002 where Dafne Gonzalez, Susanne Nyrop and I co-presented Cooking lesson, a set of Web pages about preparing meals in our respective countries, which we discussed with festival participants in text chat.

Meanwhile we were all developing our audio chat skills using Yahoo Messenger and other voice and webcam instant messaging services. This led to my involvement in Case Study of a Community of Practice (Mar. 2003), our first major attempt at 'webcasting' (broadcasting over the Web) by a group of seven Webheads, some in loco at the TESOL 2002 Convention in Baltimore, MD, others online. In Nov. 2004 another group of Webheads in Action prepared different webcasts for the 6^th International BelNATE-IATEFL Conference in Minsk, Belarus, under the theme "Teaching English as a World Language in the Information Age". Barbara Dieu (in Brazil), Buthaina Al-Othman (in Kuwait) and I (in Portugal) presented on blogs and blogging, and guided the participants at a distance in creating their own first blog. (I suggest a visit to our WiA Index under "Live Events" and "Presentations" for more examples.)

2. Online teacher development

After a year of intense collaboration and very positive role modeling by our coordinator, Vance Stevens, some Webheads felt ready to take their own first steps in e-moderation. That's when Rita Zeinstejer (Argentina), Susanne Nyrop (Denmark) and I (Portugal) got together to plan and co-moderate Week 3 of the Webheads in Action EVO workshop titled Online communication tools that facilitate interaction of participants in a virtual community and their role in language learning (2003). Our presentation concerned different aspects of e-moderation, namely,

• creating a warm atmosphere where everybody feels at home and confident to ask questions and raise doubts
• replying promptly to mail
• being synchronously available at set times for timely help
• giving guidance
• motivating and praising participants
• holding a collective chat.

The hands-on experience that we acquired that week and in the workshops from other Webhead colleagues gave me the confidence to suggest to Dafne Gonzalez that we hold a ‘back-to-basics' workshop of our own the following year. Thus was born Becoming a Webhead, a 6-week online teacher development workshop to introduce newbie participants to Web-based communication tools and make them feel comfortable enough with these tools to join our mother community, Webheads in Action. The experience was so enriching and gratifying that two more rounds have followed (Baw05 and Baw06).

3. Online courses

The intense learning that went on at the individual and collective levels in the six weeks of our first BaW session gave me enough confidence to accept another challenge in the form of a second partnership with Dafne Gonzalez, co-teaching PP 104: Teaching Vocabulary and Grammar Online, a 4-week module that is part of TESOL's "Principles and Practices of Online Teaching Certificate Program". As with Becoming a Webhead, the session was successful and was followed by two other rounds in 2005.

4. Blended learning

When community members learn so much and use so many different tools in collaboration with other Webheads, the next step is to blend the new information and communication technologies in their f2f teaching. In my case, I wanted students to freely practice the language they were learning, away from class and from the constraints of the curriculum. A blog seemed like the ideal tool since I would post content that students could comment on and/or add ideas of their own. I started with Let's Blog! in the 2002-03 school year for three 7^th grade classes (3^rd year EFLers). However it didn't catch on as I expected because the students seemed to lack the "curiosity" that inevitably leads to discovery and learning. Since participation and collaboration were very slow, I created a graded project to be developed individually, outside of class and on paper, but with all the rules online, in the blog. This way I was sure to have most students, if not all, visit the blog at least once. Participation did increase somewhat, but never to the level that I expected.

The following school year I created the Have Fun with English! blog for my two 5^th grade classes (1^st year EFLers). However, I immediately felt that something was missing, since half of the students didn't have a computer or access to the Internet or email at home, and not all of them were using the computers at school during the breaks. And I did want all students to have access to this exciting new world. Thus, a month later, I introduced CALL Lessons 03-04 with a different activity in each lesson and all students involved and working hands-on in pairs at the computer. The blog continued the following year and CALL Lessons 04-05 developed at a rapid pace: from interactive exercises to voice mail, video mail, a mystery guest, an interactive map for guests, and two voice chats, we did it all. This success can be attributed in no small part to the fact that I always had the support and participation of Webhead colleague-friends, a strategy we implemented from the very beginning, which was very relevant to generating interaction with outsiders who became the students’ friends. This meant that they were communicating with real people from the real world, beyond the four walls of the classroom, and not just with their teacher. This is one of the major assets of belonging to an online community of like-minded peers.

5. Peer collaboration: giving and taking

Giving and taking are 'must' ingredients in a community of practice. The Webheads in Action are "givers" by nature. Giving through collaboration with peers is in the true Webhead spirit at most any time of day or night, and giving time to work with one another’s students has been one aspect of such collaboration. We have a long list of such projects in these four years. One of the first was Food discussion (Dec. 2002) with Webheads talking about "food" with Aiden Yeh's students in Taiwan. Buthaina Al-Othman (in Kuwait) was one of the first to use synchronous voice CMC techniques with students when she had her Kuwaiti-national lady students present their Final projects (Dec. 2003) online for a Webhead audience at the Alado virtual classroom. Guest Tutors (Apr.-Jul. 2005) was yet another interesting collaboration with students introduced by Dafne Gonzalez: several Webheads volunteered to give presentations on different bridges all over the world for her "English for Architecture" students in Venezuela. (Many other collaborative projects can be found in the WiA Index under "Courses".)

From the point of view of individual members, peer collaboration has also involved taking, or having friends collaborate with one’s own students. Some examples from my own perspective include the Portugal-Poland exchange (Feb. 2004), in which Agata Zieba-Warcholak, a Polish Webhead, guided her young son and nephew in an email and voice email exchange with my 5th graders. In the BaW05-students exchange (Feb. 2005) participants in the "Becoming a Webhead" workshop interacted asynchronously with my 6th graders. In A Mystery Guest (Apr. 2005), Sharon Holdner in Boston collaborated with my students on a project about finding out where in the world she lived and then learning about her city.

6. The face-to-face meetings

This intense collaborative work has inevitably led to f2f meetings that have been equally intense and emotional. And because our bonds are so strong, when we meet for the first time, we have the feeling that we have known each other all our lives.

There are many instances of these meetings, e.g.: Webheads in Action meet (Apr. 2002) at the annual TESOL conference in Salt Lake City; Teresa meets Webheads in Action (Mar. 2004) at the TESOL Convention in Long Beach, CA; and Teresa meets Dafne in Spain (Jun. 2004), a very special moment for me when I flew to Valencia, Spain, to meet Dafne Gonzalez, my online partner-turned-very-close friend, and to be at her Ph.D. dissertation defense. (For more examples, please visit our WiA Index under "Face-to-face meetings".)

Wrap-up

When new members join the group, the initial "Wow!" factor soon gives way to a "discovery" frenzy, which is healthily addictive and contagious in a stimulating way. Curiosity is constantly aroused through never-ending alerts to new tools and software. There's no better (and often no other) way to explore computer-mediated communication (CMC) tools than with colleagues who quickly become friends. Once they feel comfortable with the tools, participants often apply what they've "learned by doing" in their classes for the benefit of students, so there is constant transfer of knowledge. Involving students with a global audience and having them experience everyday language of the real world makes language learning authentic and the practice very similar to what they will experience in the working world.

Since my personal path has been similar to that of many other Webheads in Action, I hope to have shown through my example how members can develop professionally at a distance and what can be achieved in a group of like-minded and active peers for our own benefit, but above all, for the benefit of our students. Belonging to this community of practice has been the most exciting and fun way to learn how to work with Web-based communication tools and then apply them to language teaching and learning. In short, it's been the most motivating and fulfilling way imaginable to develop professionally and feel personally enriched. Only a small fraction of these achievements would have been possible without the support of such a group.

The Webheads in Action have infected many peers with a healthy 'virus' in the past four years. We hope to infect many more in years to come. We are very fortunate that as a result something is changing for real and for the better in the Education field on a global scale. I feel very lucky and proud to be a part of this fabulous community and to be a co-agent of change.

References

Almeida d'Eça, T. (2002). Weabheads in Action and me: Personal impressions. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/webheads-and-me.htm.

Graduate Student Instructor Teaching Resource Center, U.C. Berkeley. (n.d.). Teaching guide for graduate student instructors: Social constructivism. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://gsi.berkeley.edu/resources/learning/social.html.

Hanson-Smith, E. and C. Bauer-Ramazani. (2004). Professional development: The Electronic Village Online of the TESOL CALL Interest Section. TESL-EJ, 8 (2).Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://cwp60.berkeley.edu:16080/TESL-EJ/ej30/int.html.

Morris, C. (2002). Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development. Retrieved July 11, 2006 from: http://www.igs.net/~cmorris/zpd.html.

URLs cited in this article:

• 6F & 6G (voice chats)  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/fwe5-jun05.htm#21Jun05
• Alado  http://www.alado.net/webheads/
• A Mystery Guest  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/fwe5-apr05.htm#12Apr05
• Audioblogs  http://mikecogh.blogspot.com/
• Baw05  http://80.60.224.77/dyg/baw-05/index.html
• Baw06  http://dafnegonzalez.com/baw-06/index.html
• BaW05-students exchange  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/fwe5-feb05.htm#intro
• BaW06 (Frappr map)  http://www.frappr.com/baw2006
• Becoming a Webhead  http://www.geocities.com/bawebhead/index.html
• Blogs  http://teresa-engvenblog.blogspot.com/
• CALL Lessons 03-04  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/call-lessons03-04.htm
• CALL Lessons 04-05  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/call-lessons04-05.htm
• Case Study of a Community of Practice  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/papers/tesol2003/baltimore2003.htm
• Cooking lesson  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/tisumcarnival2002/cod-recipe.htm
• Dafne's Nook  http://www.geocities.com/dygonza/dafnes_nook.html
• Elluminate  http://home.learningtimes.net/learningtimes?go=273662 (need to be a member of Learning Times)
• Final projects  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/sessions/27dec03-buth-pres.htm
• Food discussion  http://www.geocities.com/aidenyeh/shih_chien/
  sy2002_1stsem/FD/
• Guest Tutors  http://dafnegonzalez.com/id3125-05/content/guests.html
• Have Fun with English!  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/fun-with-english5.htm
• Have Fun with English! (Bravenet map)  http://tinyurl.com/6hu2o
• Let's Blog!  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/blog7.htm
• Members page  http://www.vancestevens.com/papers/
  evonline2002/community.htm
• Memorable day  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/sessions/feb-mar02.htm
• Moodle  http://moodle.org/
• Online communication tools that facilitate interaction of participants in a virtual community and their role in language learning   http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/evonline2003/week3.htm
• Optimal degree of control  http://www.vancestevens.com/papers/evonline2002/
  week7.htm#control
• Photoblogs  http://teresadeca.buzznet.com/user/?id=926165
• Portugal-Poland exchange  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/fwe5-feb04.htm#news
• Potential of chat  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/fwe5-jun05.htm#21Jun05
• PP 104: Teaching Vocabulary and Grammar Online  http://www.geocities.com/dygonza/pdc2004/pdc04-index.html
• Syllabus  http://www.vancestevens.com/papers/evonline2002/syllabus.htm
• Tapped In  http://www.tappedin.org/
• Team Blackboard   http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/tutorials/bb.htm
• Teresa meets Dafne in Spain  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/meetings/teresa-daf1.htm
• Teresa meets Webheads in Action  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/meetings/
  tesol2004/photos1.htm
• Tommy's message  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/sound/tommy-voicemail.wav
• Video mail  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/school/fwe5-jun05.htm#21Jun
• Webcasts  http://home.learningtimes.net/learningtimes?go=570543
• Webheads in Action meet  http://www.geocities.com/dafne_gonzalez/
  tesol2002pics/index.html
• Webheads in Action Yahoo Group  http://groups.yahoo.com/group/evonline2002_webheads/
• WiA Index  http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/webheads/wia-index.htm
• WiAOC 2005  http://www.vancestevens.com/papers/
  evonline2002/convergence2005.htm
• Wikis  http://baw-06.pbwiki.com/index.php?&doneLogin=1
• Wikipedia definition of Web 2.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0  
• YahooGroups  http://groups.yahoo.com/

Editor’s notes:

This presentation was made as a regular session at the Webheads in Action Online Convergence on November 19, 2005.  The session took place in the Alado Webheads presentation room. A recording was made and can be heard at http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/papers/wiaoc05/19nov05-alado-wiaoc05.htm or

http://www.digibridge.net/webheads/tere.htm. There is an integrated page with a link to the presentation file and reference links at http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/papers/wiaoc05/wiaoc05_pr-integrated.htm

A full, but unpublished version of this article can be read at http://64.71.48.37/teresadeca/papers/wiaoc05/fullarticle.htm.